what term is givin to a group of people who share a common cultural heritage

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Glossary

Absolute poverty The condition of having too trivial income to purchase the necessities-- food, shelter, clothing, health intendance.

Achieved condition A social position (status) obtained through an individual's own talents and efforts.

Affirmative action The requirement that employers brand special efforts to recruits rent and promote qualified members of previously excluded groups including women and minorities.

Aggregate A collection of unrelated people who do non know i another just who may occupy a common space--for example, a crowd of people crossing a city street.

Agrarian societies Societies in which large scale cultivation using plows and draft animals is the master ways of subsistence.

Breach The separation or estrangement of individuals from themselves and from others.

Amalgamation The biological as well as cultural assimilation (merging) of racial or ethnic groups.

Anomalies In science observations or bug that cannot exist explained or solved in terms of a prevailing paradigm.

Anomie A breakup or confusion in the norms, values, and culture of a group or a gild. A condition of relative normlessness.

Anomie theory The theory suggesting that deviance and crime occur when in that location is an astute gap betwixt cultural norms and goals and the socially structured opportunities for individuals to achieve those goals.

Anticipatory socialization The process of taking on the attitudes values and behaviors of a status or role one expects to occupy in the time to come.

Apartheid The recent policy of racial separation in Due south Africa enforced past legal political and war machine power.

Ascribed condition A social position (condition) such as sexual activity, race, and social class that a person acquires at nascence.

Assimilation The merging of minority and majority groups into one group with a come up mon civilisation and identity.

Association A grouping of people leap together by mutual goals and rules, just not necessarily by close personal ties.

Athletics A course of sport that is closer to piece of work than to play.

Say-so Power regarded as legitimate.

Autocracy Dominion or regime full-bodied in a single ruler or group of leaders who are willing to employ forcefulness to maintain command.

Baby boom The people who were born in the United States between 1946 and 1965. This grouping represented a sharp increment in birth rates and in the accented number of births compared to pre-1946 levels.

Bias The influence of a scientist's personal values and attitudes on scientific observations and conclusions.

Bicultural The capacity to understand and function well in more than than one cultural grouping.

Nascency rate Number of births per twelvemonth per g women xv to 44 years old.

Bureaucracy A large-calibration formal organization with centralized authorization, a hierarchical chain of control, explicit rules and procedures, and an emphasis on formal positions rather than on persons.

Calling The thought in certain branches of austere Protestantism that i tin live acceptably to God past fulfilling the obligations imposed by i'southward secular position in the world.

Commercialism A course of economic organization in which individual individuals accrue and invest capital, own the means of production, and control profits.

Degree system A closed organization of social stratification in which prestige and social relationships are based on hereditary position at birth.

Centrally planned economic system An economical system that includes public ownership of or control over all productive resources and whose activeness is planned by the government.

Charisma The infrequent mystical or even supernatural quality of personality attributed to a person by others. Literally, "the gift of grace."

Charismatic leader An individual who enlists the stiff emotional support of followers through personal and seemingly supernatural qualities.

Lease The capacity of sure schools to confer special rights on their graduates.

Church A formally organized, institutionalized religious organization with formal and traditional religious doctrine, beliefs, and practices.

City A relatively permanent settlement of large numbers of people who do not grow or assemble their own nutrient.

Civil constabulary The branch of law that deals largely with wrongs against the individual.

Civil religion The interweaving of religious and political symbols in public life.

Class Position in a social hierarchy based on prestige and/or belongings buying.

Course disharmonize The struggle between competing classes, specifically between the grade that owns the means of production and the course or classes that do not.

Form consciousness The sense of mutual class position and shared interests held past members of a social class.

Class arrangement A system of stratification based primarily on the unequal ownership and control of economic resources.

Closed organisation In organizational theory, the caste to which an arrangement is shut off from its environment.

Coercion A grade of social interaction in which one is fabricated to do something through the utilize of social pressure level, threats, or force.

Cognitive development The systematic improvement of intellectual power through a serial of stages.

Cognitive development theory Suggests that individuals endeavor to design their lives and experiences to form a reasonably consistent pic of their behavior, actions, and values.

Cohort Persons who share something in common, usually being built-in in the same year or fourth dimension period.

Commitment Willingness of members of a grouping to do what is needed to maintain the grouping.

Customs A collection of people in a geographical area; may likewise include the idea that the drove has a social structure and a sense of customs spirit or belonging.

Comparable worth A policy of equal pay for men and women doing similar piece of work, even if the jobs are labeled differently by sex.

Competition A goal-directed form of social interaction in which the goals or objects pursued are limited, so non all competitors tin reach them. Competitive behavior is governed by rules and limitations (restraints) .

Complementary marriages Marriages in which husband and married woman accept distinctly separate family roles.

Concentric-zone theory A theory of urban development holding that cities grow around a fundamental business commune in concentric zones, with each zone devoted to a different land apply.

Concept A formal definition of what is being studied.

Conflict A form of social interaction involving directly struggle between individuals or groups over ordinarily valued resources or goals. Differs from competition because individuals are more than interested in defeating an opponent than in achieving a goal.

Conflict approach Ane of the major theoretical perspectives in folklore: emphasizes the importance of unequal ability and conflict in society. Weberian conflict theorists stress inequality and disharmonize based on class, status, power; Marxian theorists emphasize conflict and inequality based on ownership of the means of production.

Conformity Going along with the norms or behaviors of a grouping.

Conjugal family unit A class of family system centered effectually the husband-wife human relationship rather than around blood relationships.

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Surface area (CMSA) A "supercity" with more than than one million people. There were 21 such cities in the U.s.a. in 1984.

Contact hypothesis The theory that people of different racial groups who became acquainted would exist less prejudiced toward one another.

Contagion theory Le Bon's theory that the anonymity people experience in a crowd makes them susceptible to the suggestions of fanatical leaders, and that emotions tin sweep through such a crowd like a virus.

Content assay A research method used to depict and analyze in an objective and systematic way the content of literature, speeches, or other media presentations. The method helps to identify cultural themes or trends.

Content of socialization The ideas, beliefs, values, cognition, and and then forth that are presented to people who are being socialized.

Contest mobility The educational pattern in which pick for academic and academy educational activity is delayed and children compete throughout their schooling for loftier positions.

Context of socialization The setting or loonshit inside which socialization occurs.

Continued subjugation The employ of force and credo by one group to retain domination over another grouping.

Control group A grouping that is non exposed to the independent variable of interest to a researcher only whose members' backgrounds and experience are otherwise like those of the experimental grouping that is exposed to the independent variable.

Decision-making for In inquiry, the effort to agree constant factors that might exist influencing observed changes in the dependent variable.

Convergence theory A theory suggesting that modernizing nations come to resemble one another over time. In collective behavior, a theory suggesting that certain crowds attract particular types of people, who may behave irrationally.

Cooperation A form of social interaction involving collaborative attempt amidst people to achieve a mutual goal.

Cooptation A social process past which people who might otherwise threaten the stability or existence of an arrangement are brought into the leadership or policy-making structure of that organization.

Correlation An observed clan between a modify in the value of one variable and a change in the value of some other variable.

Counterculture A subculture whose norms and values sharply contradict the dominant norms and values of the society in which it occurs.

Creationism A theory that sees all major types of living things, including people, as having been fabricated by the directly creative action of God in six days.

Credential The educational degree or certificate used to determine a person'due south eligibility for a position.

Criminal offence A behavior prohibited by police.

Criminal police force Law enacted past recognized political authorities that prohibits or requires certain behaviors.

Criteria for inferring causality Prove that ii variables are correlated and that the hypothesized crusade preceded the hypothesized effect in time, besides equally evidence eliminating rival hypotheses.

Rough birth charge per unit The total number of alive births per yard persons in a population within a particular year.

Rough death charge per unit The number of deaths per 1000 persons occurring within a 1-year period in a item population.

Cult An organized grouping of people who together act out religious feelings, attitudes, and relationships; may focus on an unusual grade of worship or belief.

Cultural majuscule Symbolic wealth socially defined as worthy of being sought and possessed.

Cultural modify Modifications or transformations of a culture's customs, values, ideas, or artifacts.

Cultural determinism The view that the nature of a club is shaped primarily past the ideas and values of the people living in it.

Cultural partition of labor A state of affairs in which a person's identify in the occupational globe is determined past his or her cultural markers (such as ethnicity).

Cultural imposition The forcing of members of one culture to adopt the practices of another civilization.

Cultural relativism The view that the customs and ideas of a lodge must be viewed inside the context of that society.

Cultural revolution The repudiation of many existing cultural elements and the substitution of new ones.

Cultural universals Cultural features, such as the use of linguistic communication, shared by all human societies.

Civilisation The mutual heritage shared by the people of a order, consisting of customs, values, language, ideas, and artifacts.

Civilisation lag The time divergence between the introduction of textile innovations and resulting changes in cultural practices.

Civilisation of poverty A distinctive culture thought to develop amidst poor people and characterized by failure to delay gratification, fatalism, and weak family and community ties.

Culture pattern theory In the sociology of sport, a theory that explains aggression and violence in sport as learned behavior that mirrors the degree of aggression and violence in the society.

Cyclical theories Theories of social change suggesting that societies follow a sure life grade, from vigorous and innovative youth to more materialistic maturity and and so to decline.

Deduction Reasoning from the general to the specific.

Defining the situation The socially created perspective that people apply to a state of affairs.

Democracy A form of political organisation in which power resides with the people and is exercised by them.

Autonomous-collective organization An system in which authority is placed in the group as a whole, rules are minimized, members accept considerable command over their work, and job differentiation is minimized.

Demographic transition The demographic change experienced in Western Europe and N America since the industrial revolution in which the birth rate has declined so that information technology is nearly equal to the expiry rate.

Demography The scientific study of population size, composition, and distribution every bit well as patterns of change in those features.

Denomination One of a number of religious organizations in a society with no official state church. Has some formal doctrines, beliefs, and practices, only tolerates various religious views.

Dependency theory A theory nigh the place of developing nations in the world economy suggesting that major industrial nations take reward of the inexpensive labor and raw materials of developing nations and hence are reluctant to run into them get industrialized.

Dependent variable The variable that occurs or changes in a patterned way due to the presence of, or changes in, another variable or variables.

Descriptive report A research study whose goal is to describe the social phenomena being studied.

Deskilling The procedure of breaking down jobs into less circuitous segments that crave less knowledge and judgment on the role of workers.

Deterrence theory The view that certain qualities of penalty-- such as certainty, swiftness, and severity-- volition assistance prevent others from committing crimes that have been and so punished.

Deviance Behaviors or characteristics that violate important social norms.

Deviant career The regular pursuit of activities regarded by the individual and by others every bit deviant.

Differential clan A theory that attributes the existence of deviant behavior to learning from friends or associates.

Differentiation, functional The division of labor or of social roles within a social club or an organization.

Differentiation, rank The unequal placement and evaluation of various social positions.

Diffusion The spread of inventions and discoveries from 1 group or culture to some other on a voluntary basis; a source of cultural change.

Discovery The uncovering of something that existed only was unknown; a source of cultural alter.

Discrimination The unequal and unfair treatment of individuals or groups on the basis of some irrelevant characteristic, such as race, ethnicity, religion, sex, or social grade.

Partition of labor The consignment of specialized tasks to various members of a group, arrangement, community, or order.

Ascendant status Ane social position that overshadows the other social positions an individual occupies.

Domination The control of one group or individual by another.

Double standard A prepare of social norms that allows males greater freedom of sexual expression, particularly earlier wedlock, than females.

Dramaturgical assay An approach to social situations developed past Erving Goffman in which they are examined as though they were theatrical productions.

Dual-career families Families in which both husband and married woman take careers.

Dual-career responsibilities The responsibilities of women who are wives every bit well as workers‹ frequently used to explain why women earn less.

Dual economy The conceptual sectionalisation of the individual sector of the economy into monopoly (cadre) and competitive (periphery) sectors.

Dyad A group composed of 2 people.

Dysfunction Any consequence of a social system that disturbs or hinders the integration, aligning, or stability of the organization.

Ecological epitome A theory of land use and living patterns that examines the coaction among economic functions, geographical factors, demography, and the replacement of one group by another.

Ecological succession In urban folklore, the replacement of one group by another over time.

Ecological view An approach to the report of civilisation or other social phenomena that emphasizes the importance of examining climate, food and water supplies, and existing enemies in the environments.

Ecology The scientific study of how organisms relate to one another and to their environments.

Economical core The sector of the economy characterized past large, more often than not very profitable, oligopolistic firms that are national or multinational in telescopic; also chosen the monopoly sector.

Economical growth An increase in the amount of goods and services produced with the same amount of labor and resources.

Economic institution The pattern of roles, norms, and activities organized effectually the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in a social club.

Economic periphery The sector of the economic system characterized by small, local, barely profitable firms; also called the competitive sector.

Ecosystem A system formed by the interaction of a customs of organisms with its environment.

Education The process, in school or across, of transmitting a society's cognition, skills, values, and behaviors.

Egalitarian spousal relationship A family in which married man and married woman share every bit in family decision making.

Ego In Freudian theory, a concept referring to the conscious, rational part of the personality structure, which mediates between the impulses of the id and the rules of order.

Elderly dependency ratio The ratio between the number of the elderly (65 and over) and the number of working-age people (ages 18 to 64).

Emergent norm theory A theory of collective behavior suggesting that people move to form a shared definition of the situation in relatively normless situations.

Emotion work An individual's effort to change an emotion or feeling to one that seems to exist more advisable to a given situation.

Equilibrium In functionalist theory, the view that the parts of a gild fit together into a counterbalanced whole.

Ethnic group A group that shares a common cultural tradition and sense of identity.

Ethnocentrism The tendency to see one'south own civilization as superior to all others.

Ethnography A detailed study based on actual observation of the way of life of a human group or society.

Ethnomethodology The written report of the methods used past individuals to communicate and make sense of their everyday lives every bit members of lodge. Many ethnomethodologists focus on the study of language and everyday conversation.

Evangelicalism A class of Protestantism that stresses the preaching of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the validity of personal conversion, the Bible as the basis for belief, and agile preaching of the faith.

Evolutionary theories Theories of social alter that see societies as evolving from simpler forms to more complex ones. In biology, the theory that living organisms develop new traits that may aid their adaptation or survival.

Substitution A form of social interaction involving trade of tangibles (objects) or intangibles (sentiments) between individuals.

Exchange theory An interpretive perspective that explains social interaction on the basis of the exchange of various tangible or intangible social rewards.

Experiment A advisedly controlled state of affairs where the independent variable is manipulated while everything else remains the same; the aim is to see whether the dependent variable volition modify.

Experimental grouping In inquiry, the grouping of individuals exposed to the independent variable that is being introduced by the experimenter.

Explanatory study A research study with the goal of explaining how or why things happen the way they do in the social world.

Expressive A type of role that involves the showing of emotional feelings or preferences in interpersonal relationships.

Expressive leader A group leader whose office in the group is to assist maintain stability through joking, mediating conflicts, and otherwise reducing tension.

Extended family A family in which relatives from several generations live together.

Face up-work A term used by Goffman to refer to the actions taken by individuals to make their behavior appear consistent with the image they want to present.

Fads Striking behaviors that spread speedily and that, even though embraced enthusiastically, remain popular for only a short time.

Family Two or more persons who are related by blood, marriage, adoption, or serious long-term commitment to each other, and who live together. They usually form an economic unit, and adult members intendance for the dependent children.

Fashion A socially approved but temporary style of appearance or behavior.

Flow An feel of total involvement in one's present activeness.

Folkways Social norms to which people by and large accommodate, although they receive little pressure to practice so.

Formal organizations Highly structured groups with specific objectives and normally clearly stated rules and regulations.

Formal sanction A social reward or punishment that is administered in an organized, systematic fashion, such as receiving a diploma or getting a fine.

Functional arroyo A theoretical approach that analyzes social phenomena in terms of their functions in a social system.

Functional equivalent A feature or procedure in society that has the aforementioned function (consequence) as some other feature or process

Functions The consequences of social phenomena for other parts of social club or for social club every bit a whole.

Fundamentalism A form of religious traditionalism characterized by the literal interpretation of religious texts, a formulation of an agile supernatural, and clear distinctions betwixt sin and salvation.

Game A form of play involving competitive or cooperative interaction in which the consequence is determined past physical skill, strength, strategy, or chance.

Gemeinschaft A term used by Tonnies to describe a minor, traditional, customs-centered society in which people have shut, personal, face-to-face relationships and value social relationships as ends in themselves.

Gender The traits and behaviors that are socially designated as "masculine" or "feminine" in a detail social club.

Gender differences Variations in the social positions, roles, behaviors, attitudes, and personalities of men and women in a order.

Gender gap Differences in the way men and women vote.

Gender-office expectations People'southward beliefs about how men and women should acquit.

Gender stratification The hierarchical ranking of men and women and their roles in terms of unequal buying, power, social control, prestige, and social rewards.

Generalized other A full general idea of the expectations, attitudes, and values of a group or community.

Genocide The destruction of an entire population.

Gentrification The motility of eye-class and upper-centre-class persons (ordinarily white) into lower-income, sometimes minority urban areas.

Gesellschaft A term used past Tonnies to describe an urban industrial society in which people have impersonal, formal, contractual, and specialized relationships and tend to use social relationships as a ways to an end.

Global economic system An economy in which the economical life and health of one nation depends on what happens in other nations.

Green revolution The comeback in agronomical product based on higher-yielding grains and increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation.

Groups Collections of people who share some mutual goals and norms and whose relationships are usually based on interactions.

Groupthink The tendency of individuals to follow the ideas or deportment of a group.

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) Organizations that people pay a fee to join in return for access to a range of health services.

Heterosexual A person whose preferred partner for erotic, emotional, and sexual interaction is someone of the opposite sexual practice.

Hierarchy The organization of positions in a rank order, with those below reporting to those above.

Hispanics A general term referring to Spanish-speaking persons. It includes many distinct indigenous groups.

Homosexual Someone who is emotionally, erotically, and physically attracted to persons of his or her own sex.

Horizontal mobility Movement from one social status to another of virtually equal rank in the social hierarchy.

Horticultural societies Societies in which the cultivation of plants with hoes is the master means of subsistence.

Hospice An organization designed to provide care and comfort for terminally ill persons and their families.

Human-majuscule explanation The view that the earnings of unlike workers vary because of differences in their teaching or experience.

Hunting and gathering societies Societies that obtain food past hunting animals, fishing, and gathering fruits, nuts, and grains. These societies do not establish crops or take domesticated animals.

Hybrid economic system An economical system that blends features of both centrally planned and backer (market) economies.

Hyperinflation Anextreme form of inflation.

Hypothesis A tentative statement asserting a relationship between one factor and something else (based on theory, prior research, or general observation).

Id In Freudian theory, a concept referring to the unconscious instinctual impulses-- for example, sexual or aggressive impulses.

Platonic values Values that people say are important to them, whether or not their behavior supports those values.

Identification theories Views suggesting that children learn gender roles by identifying with and copying the aforementioned-sex activity parent.

Ideology A system of ideas that reflects, rationalizes, and defends the interests of those who believe in it.

Impression management A term used by Goffman to describe the efforts of individuals to influence how others perceive them.

Incest Sexual intercourse with close family members.

Incest taboo The prohibition of sexual intercourse between fathers and daughters, mothers and sons, and brothers and sisters.

Income The sum of coin wages and salaries (earnings) plus income other than earnings.

Independent variable The variable whose occurrence or change results in the occurrence or modify of another variable; the hypothesized cause of something else.

Individualism A belief in individual rights and responsibilities.

Induction Reasoning from the item to the general.

Industrialization The shift within a nation's economy from a primarily agronomical base to a manufacturing base of operations.

Industrialized societies Societies that rely on mechanized production, rather than on human or creature labor, as the main means of subsistence.

Inflation An increase in the supply of money in circulation that exceeds the rate of economic growth, making coin worth less in relation to the goods and services it can buy.

Informal sanction A social reward or punishment that is given informally through social interaction, such as an approving smile or a disapproving frown.

Innovation The discovery or invention of new ideas, things, or methods; a source of cultural change.

Instinct A genetically determined behavior triggered by specific conditions or events.

Institution of science The social communities that share certain theories and methods aimed at agreement the physical and social worlds.

Institutionalization of science The establishment of careers for practicing scientists in major social institutions.

Institutionalized Social practices that have become established, patterned, and predictable and that are supported by custom, tradition, and/or law.

Institutions The patterned and enduring roles, statuses, and norms that have formed around successful strategies for meeting basic social needs.

Instrumental A blazon of role that involves trouble-solving or chore-oriented behavior in group or interpersonal relationships.

Instrumental leader A group leader whose role is to proceed the group's attention directed to the task at hand.

Interest group A group of people who work to influence political decisions affecting them.

Intergenerational mobility A vertical modify of social status from 1 generation to the next.

Interlocking directorates The practise of overlapping memberships on corporate boards of directors.

Intermittent reinforcement In learning theory, the provision of a reward sometimes simply not always when a desired beliefs is shown.

Internalization The process of taking social norms, roles, and values into one's own mind.

Interpretive arroyo One of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology; focuses on how individuals brand sense of the world and react to the symbolic meanings attached to social life.

Intragenerational mobility A vertical change of social status experienced by an individual within his or her own lifetime.

Invention An innovation in material or nonmaterial culture, often produced past combining existing cultural elements in new means; a source of cultural alter.

"I" portion of the self In George Herbert Mead's view, the spontaneous or impulsive portion of the self.

IQ (intelligence quotient) exam A standardized set of questions or problems designed to measure verbal and numerical knowledge and reasoning.

"Iron law of oligarchy" In Robert Michels' view, the idea that power in an organization tends to become concentrated in the hands of a small group of leaders.

Keynesian economics The economic theory avant-garde by John Maynard Keynes, which holds that government intervention, through arrears spending, may exist necessary to maintain high levels of employment.

Kinship Socially defined family relationships, including those based on common parentage, marriage, or adoption.

Labeling theory A theory of deviance that focuses on the process by which some people are labeled deviant by other people (and thus take on deviant identities) rather than on the nature of the behavior itself.

Labor-market segmentation The beingness of two or more singled-out labor markets, one of which is open up only to individuals of a item gender or ethnicity.

Laissez-faire economics The economic theory advanced by Adam Smith, which holds that the economic organization develops and functions all-time when left to market forces, without authorities intervention.

Linguistic communication Spoken or written symbols combined into a system and governed by rules.

Latent part The unintended and/or unrecognized function or consequence of some thing or procedure in a social organisation.

Law The system of formalized rules established past political government and backed by the power of the country for the purpose of controlling or regulating social behavior.

Learning theory In psychology, the theory that specific man behaviors are acquired or forgotten as a result of the rewards or punishments associated with them.

Legal protection The protection of minority-grouping members through the official policy of a governing unit.

Legitimate In reference to power, the sense by people in a situation that those who are exercising ability have the right to exercise so.

Lesbian A adult female who is emotionally, erotically, and physically attracted to other women.

Life chances The probabilities of an individual having access to or failing to have access to various opportunities or difficulties in society.

Life form The biological and social sequence of birth, growing upward, maturity, aging, and decease.

Life-course analysis An examination of the ways in which different stages of life influence socialization and behavior.

Life expectancy The average years of life anticipated for people born in a particular year.

Life-style Family, child-bearing, and educational attitudes and practices; personal values; type of residence; consumer, political, and civic beliefs; religion.

Life table A statistical table that presents the death rate and life expectancy of each of a serial of age-sex activity categories for a detail population.

Line job A task that is part of the central operations of an organization rather than one that provides support services for the operating structure.

Lobbying The process of trying to influence political decisions so they will be favorable to one'southward interests and goals.

Location In Kanter'south view, a person's position in an system with respect to having control over decision making.

Looking-drinking glass self The sense of cocky an individual derives from the way others view and treat him or her.

Macro level An assay of societies that focuses on large-calibration institutions, structures, and processes.

Magic According to Malinowski, "a applied art consisting of acts which are only ways to a definite end expected to follow."

Manifest function The intended office or outcome of some thing or process in a social organisation.

Wedlock A social institution that recognizes and approves the sexual spousal relationship of two or more than individuals and includes a set of common rights and obligations.

Wedlock charge per unit Number of marriages in a year per 1000 single women fifteen to 44 years one-time.

Marriage squeeze A state of affairs in which the eligible individuals of ane sex outnumber the supply of potential union partners of the other sex.

Marxian arroyo A theory that uses the ideas of Karl Marx and stresses the importance of class struggle centered around the social relations of economic production.

Mass hysteria Widely felt fear and feet.

Mass media Widely disseminated forms of communication, such as books, magazines, radio, television, and movies.

Matthew effect The social process whereby one advantage an individual has is likely to lead to boosted advantages.

Mean, arithmetics The sum of a set of mathematical values divided by the number of values; a measure of central tendency in a series of information.

Median The number that cuts a distribution of figures in half; a positional measure of central tendency in a series of data.

Medicaid A federal-land matching program that provides medical assistance to certain low income persons.

Medicare A federal health insurance program. Individuals are eligible if they receive Social Security benefits, federal disability benefits, or sometimes if they accept terminate-stage kidney disease.

"Me" portion of the self In George Herbert Mead'southward view, the portion of the self that brings the influence of others into the private's consciousness.

Method of comparison An approach that compares one subgroup or society with another one for the purpose of agreement social differences.

Methodology The rules, principles, and practices that guide the collection of prove and the conclusions fatigued from it.

Metropolitan Statistical Surface area (MSA) A geographical area containing either one urban center with fifty,000 or more residents or an urban area of at least 50,000 inhabitants and a full population of at least 100,000 (except in New England where the required full is 75,000).

Micro level An analysis of societies that focuses on small-calibration process, such every bit how individuals collaborate and how they attach meanings to the social actions of others.

Migration The relatively permanent movement of people from ane area to another.

Millenarian movements Social movements based on the expectation that club volition exist suddenly transformed through supernatural intervention.

Minority grouping Whatever recognizable racial, religious, indigenous, or social group that suffers from some disadvantage resulting from the activity of a dominant group with higher social status and greater privileges.

Way The value that occurs about frequently in a serial of mathematical values.

Modeling Copying the behavior of admired people.

Modernization The economic and social transformation that occurs when a traditional agronomical guild becomes highly industrialized.

Monopoly The exclusive control of a particular manufacture, market, service, or commodity by a unmarried organisation.

Mores Strongly held social norms, a violation of which causes a sense of moral outrage.

Mortality rate The number of deaths per yard in a population.

Multinational corporation A corporation that locates its operations in a number of nations.

Multiple-nuclei theory A theory of urban development holding that cities develop around a number of dissimilar centers, each with its own special activities.

Nation A relatively autonomous political group that usually shares a common language and a particular geography.

Nation-state A social arrangement in which political authority overlaps a cultural and geographical community.

Negative sanctions Deportment intended to deter or punish unwanted social behaviors.

Negotiation A form of social interaction in which two or more parties in conflict or competition go far at a mutually satisfactory understanding.

Network Run across Social network.

Nomadic Societies that move their residences from identify to identify.

Nonverbal communication Visual and other meaningful symbols that practise not utilise language.

Norm A shared rule about acceptable or unacceptable social behavior.

Normal science A term used by Kuhn to describe research based on ane or more past scientific achievements that are accepted as a useful foundation for further report.

Nuclear family A family course consisting of a married couple and their children.

Objectivity Procedures researchers follow to minimize distortions in ascertainment or interpretation due to personal or social values.

Occupation A position in the world of work that involves specialized knowledge and activities.

Occupational segregation The concentration of workers by gender or ethnicity into certain jobs but non others.

Oligarchy The rule of the many by the few.

Oligopoly The control of a item industry, market, service, or commodity by a few large organizations.

Open system In organizational theory, the degree to which an arrangement is open to and dependent on its environment.

Operationalization In inquiry, the actual procedures or operations conducted to measure a variable.

Opportunity In an system, the potential that a detail position contains for the expansion of piece of work responsibilities and rewards.

Organization A social group deliberately formed to pursue certain values and goals.

Organizational ritualism A form of beliefs in organizations, particularly in bureaucracies, in which people follow the rules and regulations and so closely that they forget the purpose of those rules and regulations.

Organizational waste The inefficient employ of ideas, expertise, money, or fabric in an organization.

Panic A frightened response past an aggregate of people to an immediate threat.

Paradigm In the sociology of science, a coherent tradition of scientific law, theory, and assumptions that forms a distinct approach to problems.

Parallel marriage When hubby and wife both piece of work and share household tasks.

Participant ascertainment A inquiry method in which the researcher does observation while taking office in the activities of the social group beingness studied.

Pastoral societies Societies in which the raising and herding of animals such as sheep, goats, and cows is the main ways of subsistence.

Patriarchal family A form of family unit organization in which the father is the formal head of the family.

Peer group Friends and associates of most the same historic period and social condition.

Play Spontaneous activity undertaken freely for its own sake all the same governed past rules and often characterized by an element of make-believe.

Pluralism In indigenous relations, the condition that exists when both majority and minority groups value their distinct cultural identities, and at the same time seek economic and political unity. In political sociology, the view that society is composed of competing involvement groups, with power diffused among them.

Policy inquiry Enquiry designed to assess alternative possibilities for public or social action, in terms of their costs and/or consequences.

Political economy model A theory of land employ that emphasizes the role of political and economic interests.

Political order The institutionalized system of acquiring and exercising power.

Political political party An organized group of people that seeks to command or influence political decisions through legal means.

Population In census, all the people living in a given geographic area. In research, the total number of cases with a particular characteristic.

Population exclusion The efforts of a society to foreclose ethnically different groups from joining it.

Population transfer The efforts of a dominant ethnic grouping to move or remove members of a minority indigenous group from a item area.

Positive sanctions Rewards for socially desired behavior.

Positivist An approach to explaining man action that does not take into account the individual'south estimation of the situation.

Postindustrial society A term used past Daniel Bong to refer to societies organized around knowledge and planning rather than effectually industrial product.

Power The chapters of an private group to control or influence the behavior of others, even in the face of opposition.

Power elite According to Mills, a closely continued grouping of the corporate rich, political leaders, and military commanders who decide most key social and political issues.

Prejudice A "prejudged" unfavorable attitude toward the members of a detail group, who are causeless to possess negative traits.

Prestige A social recognition, respect, and deference accorded individuals or groups based on their social condition.

Primary deviance Deviant beliefs that is invisible to others, short- lived, or unimportant, and therefore does non contribute to the public labeling of an private equally being deviant.

Primary economic sector The sector of an economy in which natural resource are gathered or extracted.

Primary group A social group characterized past frequent face-to-face interaction, the commitment and emotional ties members feel for one another, and relative permanence.

Principle of cumulative reward A procedure whereby the positive features of some institutions help to generate further benefits for them.

Privatization The tendency of families in industrial societies to turn away from the customs and workplace toward a principal focus on privacy, domesticity, and intimacy.

Processes of socialization Those interactions that convey to persons beingness socialized how they are to speak, carry, think, and feel.

Profession AIR occupation that rests on a theoretical trunk of knowledge and thus requires specialized training ordinarily recognized past the granting of a degree or credential.

Projection A psychological procedure of attributing ones own unacceptable feelings or desires to other people to avoid guilt and self-blame.

Holding The rights and obligations a grouping or private has in relation to an object, resources, or activity.

Proposition A statement about how variables are related to each other.

Prostitution The selling of sexual favors.

Race A classification of humans into groups based on distinguishable physical characteristics that may form the basis for meaning social identities.

Racism The institutionalized domination of one racial grouping past some other.

Random sample A sample of units drawn from a larger population in such a way that every unit has a known and equal chance of being selected.

Range The total spread of values in a ready of figures .

Rank Place in a social bureaucracy.

Rank differentiation See Differentiation, rank.

Rape A completed sexual set on by a male, usually upon a female, although sometimes upon another male.

Rate of natural increase The difference between nascency and decease rates, excluding immigration.

Rationalization The process of subjecting social relationships to adding and administration.

Real values The values people consider truly of import, as evident in their behavior and how they spend their fourth dimension and money.

Rebellion In anomie theory, a course of deviance that occurs when individuals reject culturally valued means and goals and substitute new means and goals. In political folklore, the expression of opposition to an established say-so.

Reference group A social group whose standards and opinions are used by an individual to aid define or evaluate beliefs, values, and behaviors.

Reform motion A type of social movement that accepts the condition quo merely seeks certain specific social reforms.

Regressive movement A type of social motility whose aim is to motion the social globe back to where members believe it was at an earlier time.

Relative poverty The condition of having much less income than the boilerplate person in society, fifty-fifty if i can beget the necessities of life.

Religion A set of shared behavior and rituals common to a special community and focusing on the sacred and supernatural.

Religious movement An organized religious group with the chief goal of irresolute existing religious institutions.

Research and development (R&D) Investments in basic research and in the practical application of basic research discoveries.

Enquiry design The specific program for conducting a research study, including sampling, measurement, and data analysis.

Resocialization The process of socializing people abroad from a group or action in which they are involved.

Resource mobilization theory The theory that social movements are affected by their ability to align various key resource.

Retreatism In anomie theory, a course of deviance that occurs when individuals abandon culturally valued means and goals.

Revolution A large-scale change in the political leadership of a club and the restructuring of major features of that club.

Revolutionary motion A blazon of social motion whose aim is to reorganize existing society completely.

Riot A destructive and sometimes violent collective burst.

Rising expectations A situation in which people feel that past hardships should not have to be suffered in the time to come.

Ritual In the sociology of faith, the rules of carry concerning behavior in the presence of the sacred. Intended to produce feelings of reverence, awe, and grouping identity.

Ritualism In anomie theory, a course of deviance in which individuals lose sight of socially valued goals but conform closely to socially prescribed means.

Rival hypothesis An caption that competes with the original hypothesis in a report.

Function To functionalists, the culturally prescribed and socially patterned behaviors associated with particular social positions. For interactionists, the effort to mesh the demands of a social position with i's ain identity.

Role aggregating Adding more than statuses and roles to the ones an individual already has.

Role disharmonize A situation in which two or more social roles make incompatible demands on a person.

Role exit The process of leaving a role that is central to 1's identity and edifice an identity in a new role while besides taking into account one'south prior office.

Role expectations Unremarkably shared norms about how a person is supposed to behave in a particular role.

Role operation The behaviors of a person performing a certain social role.

Part set The cluster of roles that accompanies a particular status.

Rowdyism Generalized interpersonal violence or belongings devastation occurring at spectator events.

Ruling class A modest course that controls the ways of economical production and dominates political decisions.

Rumor A study that is passed informally from ane person to another without firm evidence.

Sample survey A systematic method of collecting information from respondents, using personal interviews or written questionnaires.

Sanction A social advantage or punishment for approved or disapproved behavior; tin can be positive or negative, formal or informal.

Scapegoating Blaming a convenient but innocent person or group for 1's problem or guilt.

Schooling Formal teaching.

Science An arroyo used to obtain reliable noesis about the physical and social worlds, based on systematic empirical observations; the knowledge so obtained.

Scientific productivity Making new discoveries, confirming or disconfirming theoretical hypotheses through experimentation and other types of research, and publishing the results of that enquiry.

Scientific revolution The dramatic overthrow of one intellectual epitome by another.

Secondary deviance Behavior discovered by others and publicly labeled by them every bit deviant.

Secondary economical sector The sector of an economy in which raw materials are turned into manufactured appurtenances.

Secondary group A social grouping bound together for the achievement of common tasks, with few emotional ties amid members.

Sect An exclusive, highly cohesive group of ascetic religious believers. Sects ordinarily last longer and are more institutionalized than cults.

Sector theory A theory of urban development explaining that cities develop in wedge-shaped patterns post-obit transportation systems.

Secularization The erosion of belief in the supernatural. Includes a growing respect for rationality, cultural and religious pluralism, tolerance of moral ambivalence, religion in educational activity, and conventionalities in civil rights, the rule of law, and due procedure.

Self-fulfilling prophecy A conventionalities or prediction virtually a person or state of affairs that influences that person or situation in such a way that the conventionalities or prediction comes truthful.

Sex The biological stardom of being male or female.

Sibling A brother or sister.

Social categories Groups of people who may non collaborate but who share certain social characteristics or statuses.

Social change A modification or transformation in the mode gild is organized.

Social course A group'due south position in a social hierarchy based on prestige and/or property ownership.

Social structure of reality The process of socially creating definitions of situations so that they appear to be natural.

Social command The relatively patterned and systematic ways in which society guides and restrains private behaviors so that people act in predictable and desirable means.

Social forces The social structures and civilisation individuals face in a society.

Social inequality The existence of unequal opportunities or rewards for people in different social positions.

Social interaction The ways people carry in relation to ane another by ways of linguistic communication, gestures, and symbols.

Socialist societies Societies in which productive resources are owned and controlled by the country rather than by individuals.

Socialization The process of preparing newcomers to become members of an existing social group by helping them to learn the attitudes and behaviors that are considered appropriate.

Social learning theory A grade of learning theory suggesting that people larn through ascertainment and imitation, even though they are not rewarded or punished for sure behaviors.

Social mobility The movement from 1 status to another inside a stratified society.

Social motion A grouping of people who work together to guide or suppress item changes in the manner gild is organized.

Social network A set up of interdependent relations or links between individuals.

Social psychology The scientific report of how individual behavior is socially influenced.

Social relations of production The organization of economic life on the basis of owning or non owning the means of production, purchasing or selling labor ability, and controlling or not decision-making other people's labor power.

Social sciences Disciplines related to sociology that report human activity and communication, including psychology, anthropology, economics, political science.

Social stratification The fairly permanent ranking of positions in a society in terms of diff power, prestige, or privilege.

Social structure Recurrent and patterned relationships among individuals, organizations, nations, or other social units.

Society A grouping of people with a shared and somewhat singled-out culture who live in a divers territory, experience some unity as a group, and see themselves as distinct from other peoples.

Sociobiology The scientific study of the biological basis for human behavior.

Socioeconomic status (SES) An index of social condition that considers a person's occupation, education, and income as measures of social condition.

Sociology The study and analysis of patterned social relationships in mod societies.

Sovereignty The authority claimed by a land to maintain a legal system, employ coercive power to secure obedience, and maintain its independence from other states.

Sponsored mobility A pattern in which certain children are selected at an early on historic period for academic and university teaching and are thus helped to achieve higher social condition.

Sport A grade of game in which the outcome is afflicted by physical skill.

Staff job In an organisation, an advisory or administrative chore that supports the manufacturing, production, selling, or other master activities of the arrangement.

Phase theory A theory suggesting that nations go through various systematic stages of development.

State The institutionalized, legal organization of ability inside territorial limits.

State sector The sector of the economic system controlled by local, state, or federal governments that supplies appurtenances and services under directly contract to that state.

Country terrorism The use of torture, expiry squads, and disappearances past political states to intimidate citizens.

Status A socially defined position in society that carries with it certain prescribed rights, obligations, and expected behaviors.

Status-attainment model A view of social mobility suggesting the importance of father's education, father's occupation, son'south education, and son's first job for a man'due south adult status. (Early research was based but on men.)

Status grouping People who share a social identity based on similar values and life-styles.

Status inconsistency May occur when an individual occupies two or more than unequal statuses in a society.

Stigmatization The process of spoiling a person's identity by labeling him or her in a negative way.

Structural change Demographic, economic, and rank-society changes in a society.

Structural-functional perspective One of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology, developed by Talcott Parsons: focuses on how the various parts of society fit together or adjust to maintain the equilibrium of the whole.

Subculture A distinguishable group that shares a number of features with the dominant culture within which it exists while also having unique features such equally language, customs, or values.

Subjective meanings The values and interpretations individuals place on their life situations and experiences; may vary from person to person.

Subjective social grade A person's own perception of his or her class position.

Suburb A adequately small community within an urban surface area that includes a central city.

Sunbelt The expanse south of the 37th parallel in the U.s., including Clark County in Nevada.

Superego In Freudian theory, the part of the personality construction that upholds the norms of society.

Symbol Any object or sign that evokes a shared social response.

Symbolic interaction Interaction that relies on shared symbols such as linguistic communication.

Symbolic interactionism An interpretive perspective, inspired by the work of George Herbert Mead, saying that individuals learn meanings through interaction with others and then organize their lives around these socially created meanings.

Taboo A strongly prohibited social practice; the strongest grade of social norm.

Technological determinism The conventionalities that technological development shapes social life in rather fixed ways.

Engineering The practical applications of scientific noesis.

Tension release theory A theory suggesting that sport serves equally a form of social safety valve, allowing individuals to vent their seething aggressions.

Terrorism An assault on people designed to frighten society and force information technology to meet the terrorists' demands.

Tertiary economic sector The sector of an economy that offers services to individuals every bit well as to business organization.

Theoretical approach A set up of guiding ideas.

Theory A system of orienting ideas, concepts, and relationships that provides a way of organizing the observable world.

Theory X A view of organizational beliefs suggesting that people hate their jobs, desire to avert responsibility, resist change, and do not care most organizational needs.

Theory Y A view of organizational behavior suggesting that people have the want to work, to be creative, and to accept responsibility for their jobs and for the system.

Theory Z A grade of organizational culture that values long-term employment, trust, and shut personal relationships between workers and managers.

Total fertility rate An estimate of the average number of children that would exist born to each woman over her reproductive life if current age-specific nascence rates remained abiding.

Total establishment A place where people spend 24 hours of every twenty-four hour period for an extended part of their lives, cut off from the residuum of society and tightly controlled by the people in accuse.

Totalitarianism A form of autocracy that involves the utilise of state ability to control and regulate all phases of life.

Tournament choice An educational pattern in which a continual process of choice serves to weed out candidates; winners movement on to the next round of selection and losers are eliminated from the competition.

Tracking The practice of group students past power, curriculum, or both.

Triad A group equanimous of 3 people.

Underemployment The hiring of people in jobs that are not customarily filled by individuals with their relatively loftier levels of experience or education.

Underground economy Exchanges of appurtenances and services that occur outside the arena of the normal, regulated economy and therefore escape official record keeping.

Unit of assay Who or what is being studied in a piece of social research.

Urbanization The growth of cities.

Value-added theory A theory suggesting that many instances of collective behavior correspond efforts to change the social environs.

Values Strongly held full general ideas that people share virtually what is good and bad, desirable or undesirable; values provide yardsticks for judging specific acts and goals.

Variable A logical set up of attributes with different degrees of magnitude or dissimilar categories. For example, age is a variable on which people can be classified according to the number of years they have lived.

Verstehen The effort to sympathise social behavior in terms of the motives individuals bring to it.

Vertical integration A form of business organization that attempts to control the business environment by bold control of one or more of its resource or business outlets.

Vertical mobility Motion of an individual or a group upward or downward, from one social status to another.

Wealth The full value (minus debts) of what is owned.

Weberian approach The views held past conflict theorists who, using the ideas of Max Weber, stress the significance of disharmonize in social life, especially conflict amongst status groups such as those based on occupation, ethnic background, or faith.

White-collar crime Crimes committed past "respectable" individuals, ofttimes while they practice their occupations-- for example, embezzling money or stealing computer time.

White ethnics White Americans who value and preserve aspects of their indigenous heritage.

World systems assay A form of sociological analysis that stresses understanding national behavior in terms of historical and contemporary relationships among nations and societies .

Zero population growth (ZPG) The situation that occurs when the population of a nation or the world remains stable from one year to the next.

© copyright 1996 Caroline Hodges Persell

slaterablat1971.blogspot.com

Source: https://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/savvy/introtosociology/Documents/Glossary.html

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